Actual Problems of Diabetic Nephropathy, Risk Factors, Stages, Progression, Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

Abstract

With the growing awareness that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an international health problem, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) was established in 2003 with its stated mission to ―improve the care and outcomes of kidney disease patients worldwide through promoting coordination, collaboration, and integration of initiatives to develop and implement clinical practice guidelines.‖ The prevalence of diabetes around the world has reached epidemic proportions. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 537 million people were living with diabetes in 2021. This number is expected to increase to 784 million by 2045. It has been estimated that 40% or more of people with diabetes will develop CKD, including a significant number who will develop kidney failure requiring dialysis and transplantation.